Author name: Electra Kotopoulou

Mineral nucleation and growth can produce remarkable structures in nature. Unique examples include the colossal gypsum crystals from Naica (Mexico), the stalactites/stalagmites in Zhijin Cave (China), and the colorful hydrothermal structures of Dallol (Ethiopia). These formations exemplify the beauty and complexity that can emerge from rather simple mineral nucleation and growth processes. Beyond that, they reflect specific conditions, including near-equilibrium states, extreme salinities, or exceptional slow growth rates. As these conditions are nearly impossible to replicate in a laboratory setting, these natural systems offer unique insights into geochemical processes.

Minerals are indispensable components of our daily lives, sought after for their importance in natural and industrial processes, as well as their aesthetic appeal. There have long been established theories on mineral formation mechanisms, but many questions remain unanswered, and evidence suggests that our traditional view of crystallization is too simplistic. In recent decades, there has been a renaissance in this field, with new studies shedding light on the underlying physical processes. This introductory chapter aims to provide readers with a concise overview of the intricate world of mineral crystallization and its relevance in various research fields, including biomineralization, geochemistry, and industrial applications.