Author name: Christophe Thomazo

Biogeochemical Cycling of Nitrogen on the Early Earth

Variations in the nitrogen isotope composition of ancient organic matter and associated sediments provide clues for the early evolution of Earth’s atmosphere–ocean–biosphere system. In particular, large isotopic variations have been linked to the protracted oxygenation of Earth’s atmosphere during the Precambrian. Important problems being investigated include the nature of the variations observed at specifi c times in Earth’s history and the degree of preservation of ancient nitrogen biogeochemical signatures during diagenesis and metamorphism. Interpreting these records in Archean sedimentary environments and their possible implications for the evolution of Earth’s early atmosphere, ocean, and life is challenging.

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Graphitic Carbons and Biosignatures

The unambiguous identification of graphitic carbons as remains of life in ancient rocks is challenging because fossilized biogenic molecules are inevitably altered and degraded during diagenesis and metamorphism of the host rocks. Yet, recent studies have highlighted the possible preservation of biosignatures carried by some of the oldest graphitic carbons. Laboratory simulations are increasingly being used to better constrain the transformations of organic molecules into graphitic carbons induced by sedimentation and burial processes. These recent research advances justify a reevaluation of the putative biogenicity of numerous ancient graphitic carbons, including the presumed oldest traces of life on Earth.

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Mineral Environments on the Earliest Earth

The oldest vestiges of crust and marine environments occur only in a few remote areas on Earth today. These rocks are Hadean–Eoarchean in age (~4.5 to 3.6 billion years old) and represent the only available archive of the mineral environments in which life originated. A mineral inventory of the oldest rocks would thus help to constrain the likeliest minerals involved in the origin of life. Such a survey is important from the perspective of mineral evolution, as the emergence of life and subsequent global changes caused by organisms were responsible for more than half the 4400 known minerals on the modern Earth.

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