Author name: Herbert Palme

In a cooling solar nebula, five of the six platinum-group elements (PGE) condense as refractory-metal alloys at temperatures above the condensation of Fe–Ni metal. Non-refractory Pd condenses in solid solution with Fe–Ni. Such refractory alloys are preserved in some meteorites, although they are often highly altered. The high resistance of PGE to oxidation leads to efficient extraction with metallic Fe–Ni during metal segregation and core formation. Experimentally determined PGE metal–silicate partition coefficients predict lower contents of PGE in planetary silicates than are found, supporting a late addition of PGE components. PGE are particularly useful as tracers of impacting extraplanetary materials in the strongly PGE-depleted crusts of the Earth and other planets.