Author name: Electra Kotopoulou

Mineral nucleation and growth can produce remarkable structures in nature. Unique examples include the colossal gypsum crystals from Naica (Mexico), the stalactites/stalagmites in Zhijin Cave (China), and the colorful hydrothermal structures of Dallol (Ethiopia). These formations exemplify the beauty and complexity that can emerge from rather simple mineral nucleation and growth processes. Beyond that, they reflect specific conditions, including near-equilibrium states, extreme salinities, or exceptional slow growth rates. As these conditions are nearly impossible to replicate in a laboratory setting, these natural systems offer unique insights into geochemical processes.